Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
How flowering plants reproduce sexually, from flower structure and gametophyte development through pollination, double fertilisation, and seed/fruit formation, including apomixis and polyembryony
Topics
Flower: A Fascinating Organ of Angiosperms
Why flowers exist, how they are built, and the role each floral whorl plays in sexual reproduction
Pre-fertilisation: Structures and Events
How flowering plants build their male and female reproductive structures, produce gametes through microsporogenesis and megasporogenesis, and transfer pollen via diverse pollination strategies
Double Fertilisation
How two fusion events inside the embryo sac produce the zygote and the endosperm, a mechanism found only in flowering plants
Post-fertilisation: Structures and Events
How the zygote develops into an embryo, the endosperm provides nutrition, ovules mature into seeds, and the ovary transforms into a fruit
Apomixis and Polyembryony
How some flowering plants bypass fertilisation to produce seeds through apomixis, why this matters for hybrid agriculture, and the phenomenon of polyembryony